Decadal coastal evolution spanning the 2010 Maule earthquake at Isla Santa Maria, Chile: Framing Darwin's accounts of uplift over a seismic cycle

Charles Darwin and Robert FitzRoy documented coseismic coastal uplift associated with the great 1835 Chile earthquake (M > 8.5) at Isla Santa Maria. In 2010, another similar earthquake (Mw 8.8) uplifted the island, ending the seismic cycle. The 2-m uplift in 2010 caused major geomorphic and sedimentologic changes to the island's sandy beaches. Understanding the processes governing these changes requires pre- and post-earthquake measurements to differentiate the effects of abrupt coseismic uplift from seasonal, annual, and decadal-scale signals. Here, we combine spatial analysis of aerial imagery, field geophysics, wind and wave models to quantify geomorphic changes between 1941 and 2021 along the main beach. During the late interseismic phase (1941-2010), a ridge-runnel system was formed and then buried by a frontal dune. Because of uplift in 2010, the shoreline prograded similar to 20 m, the uplifted berm was abandoned, and a new seaward berm was built. In the following decade, the abandoned berm was eroded by widening of the backshore as the shoreline and dune advanced seaward. Over the surveyed eight decades, the shoreline prograded continuously, increasing from <1 m/year to up to 3-5 m/year after the earthquake. We infer that these changes were caused by a sedimentary disequilibrium driven by variations in relative sea level, moving formerly passive sands from eroding cliffs and marine depths into the coastal sedimentary system, thus promoting long and cross-shore sediment transport and, utterly, accretion. Our results have implications for studying beach evolution along tectonically-active coasts associated with drastic changes in relative sea level.