Limited, asymmetric hybridization between coastal cutthroat trout and steelhead in a Northern California river

Hybridization between coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) and steelhead (O. mykiss) was assessed in the Smith River, California. Individuals were categorized as pure or as 1 of 10 hybrid classes using 30 "diagnostic" single-nucleotide polymorphisms positioned on 26 separate chromosomes. Most of the individuals examined (n = 876), were pure coastal cutthroat trout (n = 634) or pure steelhead (n = 213), and 29 individuals were identified as having hybrid ancestry. Among hybrids, first generation hybrids (n = 15) and coastal cutthroat trout backcrosses (n = 12) were the most common. No individuals were identified as backcrosses to SH, suggesting the presence of genetic or behavioral mechanisms constraining such backcrosses, or the growth and survival of their progeny. Mitochondrial DNA of 14 of 15 F1 hybrids was of steelhead origin, suggesting that hybridization was driven primarily by sneak-mating of male coastal cutthroat trout with female steelhead. Evaluation of classical phenotypic characters for coastal cutthroat trout and steelhead (i.e. jaw slash, maxillary length, and hyoid teeth) were not reliable by themselves for identification of either pure parental fish or hybrids. In contrast, analysis with geometric morphometrics revealed distinctive body shapes for pure coastal cutthroat trout and steelhead, and the combination of classical traits and geometric morphology was mostly accurate in distinguishing them. However, first generation hybrids and backcrosses overlapped completely with parental types, highlighting challenges in hybrid identification using phenotypic traits.