A historical review of pain disparities research: Advancing toward health equity and empowerment

Background and Purpose: This theory-guided review draws on 30 years of published data to examine and interrogate the current and future state of pain disparities research.Methods: Using the Hierarchy of Health Disparity Research framework, we synthe-size and present an overview of "three generations" of pain disparities scholar-ship, while proposing directions for adopting a "fourth generation" that redefines, explains, and theorizes future pain disparities research in a diverse society. Discussion: Prior research has focused on describing the scope of disparities, and throughout the historical context of human existence, racialized groups have been subjected to inadequate pain care. It is imperative that research not only illuminates existing problems but also provides solutions that can be imple-mented and sustained across varying social milieus.Conclusion: We must invest in new theoretical models that expand on current per-spectives and ideals that position all individuals at the forefront of justice and equity in their health.Cite this article: Booker, S.Q., Baker, T.A., Esiaka, D., Minahan, J.A., Engel, I.J., Banerjee, K., & Poitevien, M. (2023, May/June). A historical review of pain disparities research: Advancing toward health equity and empowerment. Nurs Outlook, 71(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2023.101965.