Factors Influencing Primary Care Practitioners’ Cancer Screening Recommendations for Older Adults: a Systematic Review

Background Primary care practitioners (PCPs) play a key role in cancer screening decisions for older adults (≥ 65 years), but recommendations vary by cancer type and jurisdiction. Purpose To examine the factors influencing PCPs’ recommendations for breast, cervical, prostate, and colorectal cancer screening for older adults. Data Sources MEDLINE, Pre-Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL, searched from 1 January 2000 to July 2021, and citation searching in July 2022. Study Selection Assessed factors influencing PCPs’ breast, prostate, colorectal, or cervical cancer screening decisions for older adults’ (defined either as ≥ 65 years or < 10-year life expectancy). Data Extraction Two authors independently conducted data extraction and quality appraisal. Decisions were crosschecked and discussed where necessary. Data Synthesis From 1926 records, 30 studies met inclusion criteria. Twenty were quantitative, nine were qualitative, and one used a mixed method design. Twenty-nine were conducted in the USA, and one in the UK. Factors were synthesized into six categories: patient demographic characteristics, patient health characteristics, patient and clinician psycho-social factors, clinician characteristics, and health system factors. Patient preference was most reported as influential across both quantitative and qualitative studies. Age, health status, and life expectancy were also commonly influential, but PCPs held nuanced views about life expectancy. Weighing benefits/harms was also commonly reported with variation across cancer screening types. Other factors included patient screening history, clinician attitudes/personal experiences, patient/provider relationship, guidelines, reminders, and time. Limitations We could not conduct a meta-analysis due to variability in study designs and measurement. The vast majority of included studies were conducted in the USA. Conclusions Although PCPs play a role in individualizing cancer screening for older adults, multi-level interventions are needed to improve these decisions. Decision support should continue to be developed and implemented to support informed choice for older adults and assist PCPs to consistently provide evidence-based recommendations. Registration PROSPERO CRD42021268219. Funding Source NHMRC APP1113532.