Forming optimization for WAAM with weaving deposition on curved surfaces

A stable and consistent dimension of the weld bead is crucial and fundamental in manufacturing and remanu-facturing components on the complex curved surface by the wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) method. In this work, a novel weaving deposition strategy for WAAM was developed to overcome the difficulty in form-ability caused by the gravity effect at various welding positions on complex surfaces. The relationship between process parameters and response parameters of the woven weld bead was statistically modeled through response surface methodology, and the effects of the forming process parameters and their interaction on the geometric dimensions and the formability of the woven weld bead were investigated systematically. Multi-objective opti-mization based on the established models was carried out to acquire a stable and consistent weld bead at any angle and any deposition direction on the curved surfaces. The experiments of WAAM with weaving deposition strategy on two curved surfaces were conducted to verify the formability of the optimal forming process pa-rameters. Results indicated that the effects of forming process parameters on the geometric dimension and formability of the woven weld bead are quite complicated, with various influential trends and amplitudes, and strong nonlinear interaction effects. Deposited by the optimal parameter, a stable and consistent weld bead with the dimensional deviation and unevenness index of bead surface being less than 1.55% and 0.035 can be ob-tained on a curved surface. The overall thickness of multi-bead deposition on curved surfaces is evenly distributed between 2.4 mm and 2.9 mm, with a maximum variation of 0.5 mm between the peak height and valley height of adjacent weld beads. The inconsistency in forming dimension and morphology caused by the geometry of the curved surface is overcome at the upward and downward welding positions by adopting the optimal process parameters. The research was helpful in improving the forming dimensional accuracy and surface quality of WAAM on complex surfaces.