Casimir-Lifshitz force between graphene-based structures out of thermal equilibrium

We study the nonequilibrium Casimir-Lifshitz force between graphene-based parallel structures held at different temperatures and in the presence of an external thermal bath at a third temperature. The graphene conductivity, which is itself a function of temperature, as well as of chemical potential, allows us to tune in situ the Casimir-Lifshitz force. We explore different nonequilibrium configurations while considering different values of the graphene chemical potential. Particularly interesting cases are investigated, where the force can change sign going from attractive to repulsive or where the force becomes nonmonotonic with respect to chemical-potential variations, contrary to the behavior under thermal equilibrium.