Kinematic cues in driver-pedestrian communication to support safe road crossing.

This study examined driver-pedestrian information exchange using vehicle kinematic behavioral cues. We find that the differences in mutual information are shaped by multiple factors including the intersection type. In general, there was less mutual information gain in protected crossings which may be explained by unambiguous right-of-way rules guiding driver and pedestrian behavior, reducing the need for negotiation. Driver-pedestrian interactions in designated crossings seem to take place over a larger distance range compared to undesignated or protected crossings. These findings may support the design of automated driving and pedestrian safety systems that are able to consider the type, strength, and timing of kinematic cues to optimize driver-pedestrian negotiation. Eventually, such systems may enhance safe, efficient, and social interactions with pedestrians.