An Example of a Convergent Mixed-Methods Analysis to Examine Food Security: The Case of Popokabaka in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Abstract Background A comprehensive analysis of food insecurity is needed to understand its burden and extent in a community before developing effective and long-term nutritional interventions. We measured food security at four levels of the food chain and suggest integrative pathways for transformative impact on hunger and malnutrition in Popokabaka, the Democratic Republic of Congo. Methods We designed a convergent parallel mixed-methods study with four-level data sources collected in Popokabaka: 1) a household food survey (using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), 2) a Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) and the Food Consumption Score (FCS), 3) a market food census (assessing food availability and cost per 100 g), and an exit food market survey (assessing buyers' food choices and client satisfaction), and 4) on-farm qualitative study among food producers (exploring challenges and opportunities). Descriptive statistics from our quantitative data were triangulated with themes emerging from qualitative data. Results Popokabaka experienced severe food access insecurity (89%), poor food consumption (40.7%), and low dietary diversity (30.2%) at the household level. The quantitative findings at the household level were linked to market characteristics and farmer-reported themes under three pathways: poor diet quality, culturally grounded diet, and risk perception. Conclusion The focus should be on improving livestock development, developing adapted communications about nutrition to change established dietary habits, and engaging the government and all stakeholders to empower local communities for improved food security.