Energy Storage System Hybridization Algorithm for Mobility Applications Based on Future Battery and Fuel Cell Technologies

Shifting the mobility paradigm from fossil fuel to electric propulsion system poses several challenges to a large extent attributed to the low energy density of storage systems. However, technology improvements and an accurate combination of new propulsion systems can facilitate the electrification of the mobility sector. For the first time, a hybridization algorithm is developed to evaluate the optimal configuration of future Energy Storage System (ESS) to facilitate the design of systems such as aircrafts or ships. The algorithm is based on operational behaviors and high-level performances to determine the optimal solution through a standard random search of the input variables. To feed the algorithm, forecasts including estimated performances are carried out on new energy storage technologies such as Fuel Cells (FCs), batteries, and hydrogen storage. The hybridization algorithm is then applied to the design of a 50 passengers' regional electric aircraft in 2040. The results suggest that the best ESS includes a Solid-State Battery (SSB) of 457 kWh, a 1788 $\mathbf{kW}$ Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) plant and consumes 190.9 kg of hydrogen. This configuration appears to be the optimal trade-off to minimize weight, volume, and costs.