Material origin of the nonlinear response in magnetoelectric mechanical antennas

Magnetoelectric(ME) resonators have been recently proposed to design ultra-low frequency (ULF) or very-low frequency (VLF) antennas, which are typically used in circumstances such as underwater communications and throughbuilding communications. Such mechanical antennas are normally excited by high electric field and behave differently from conventional ME devices. This paper focused on material origin of the nonlinear response in ME mechanical antennas. Our experimental results showed that piezoelectric phase in ME antenna mainly contribute to the spring-softening effect while piezomagnetic phase tends to produce spring-hardening behavior.