Habitat changes and catch rate variability for greater amberjack in the Taiwan Strait: The effects of El Nino-southern oscillation events

El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a crucial oceanographic phenomenon that leads to interannual fluctuations in the climate and ecosystem productivity of tropical and subtropical areas. These fluctuations affect the suitability of habitats for many commercial fish species. However, detailed information on the effects of this major phenomenon and the resulting environmental changes on the habitat and catch rates of the economically and ecologically crucial species of the greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) in the Taiwan Strait (TS) is lacking. In this study, we employed a weighted habitat suitability index (HSI) modeling method and used remotely sensed marine environmental data as well as data from recorders in Taiwanese fishing vessels (in 2014-2019) to understand the effects of ENSO events on the habitat suitability and catch rates for greater amberjack in the TS. Analysis of variance revealed that environmental factors substantially influenced greater amberjack habitats and catch rates during ENSO events across seasons. The catch rates were high in spring and summer in the southern and northern TS and in autumn and winter in the southern TS. The catch rates were higher in spring, summer, and autumn (>9.0 kg/h) in El Nino years, and in winter, the catch rates were higher in normal years (>12.0 kg/h) and lower in La Nina years. The predicted HSI for the southern and northern TS revealed that greater amberjack populations were predominantly distributed at 20-24 degrees N and 24-28 degrees N, respectively. Opposite habitat suitability was synchronously found in spring and summer during ENSO events, with higher HSI values recorded in spring in El Nino and normal years and higher HSI values recorded in summer in La Nina years. In winter, the HSI values of the southern and northern TS were higher in El Nino and normal years and substantially lower in La Nina years. Habitat suitability was extremely low in autumn. These findings imply that ENSO events play a key role in regulating environmental conditions and affect the catch rates and habitat suitability for the greater amberjack in the TS.