Industrial solid wastes from Ganoderma lucidum extract production: chemical characterization and investigation of antioxidant, photoprotective and cytotoxic activities

To the best of the author’s knowledge, so far, the utilization of industrial solid Ganoderma lucidum waste was not investigated as a potential source of remaining valuable bioactive compounds. The aim of our study was to chemically characterize the extract prepared with 96% and 70% ethanol utilizing G. lucidum waste from industrial ethanol (GE) and water (GW) extraction. The phenolic profile was assessed by UHPLC-MS/MS, while the amino acid content of selected extracts was done by GC-MS. The chemical composition of the extracts was obtained by ATP-FTIR analysis, and the peak at 1637 cm − 1 of spectra originating from C = O stretching vibration of amide I, was exclusively detected in samples prepared with 70% ethanol. Among eleven amino acids detected in G. lucidum residues, the most abundant was essential amino acid phenylalanine. Phenolic profile revealed p -hydroxybenzoic acid and chlorogenic acid as dominant in all the samples analyzed. The cytotoxic activity against two human cancer cell lines (colon carcinoma (HCT116) and melanoma (Hs294T)), photoprotective activity, and antioxidant activity of G. lucidum residues ethanol extracts (70% and 96%) were examined. The most prominent cytotoxic effect on HCT116 and Hs294T cells was attributed to extract prepared from the water extract production. The sun protection factor (SPF) values of extracts analyzed were found to be in the range from 1.86 (GE96) to 4.80 (GW70). Therefore, G. lucidum solid waste appeared to be a valuable source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant, photoprotective and cytotoxic activities.