Climate Projections for Pinot Noir Ripening Potential in the Fort Ross-Seaview, Los Carneros, Petaluma Gap, and Russian River Valley American Viticultural Areas

An unbiased MACA CMIP5 ensemble that optimized calculation of the growing season average temperature (GST) viticulture climate classification index throughout Northern California's Fort Ross-Seaview (FRS), Los Carneros (LC), Petaluma Gap (PG), and Russian River Valley (RRV) American Viticultural Areas (AVAs) was applied to compute the GST index and Pinot noir specific applications of the grapevine sugar ripeness (GSR) model on a mean decadal basis from the 1950s to the 2090s using RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 projections of minimum and maximum daily temperature. From the 1950s to the 2090s, a 2.1/3.6, 2.4/4.2, 2.3/4.0, 2.3/4.0, and 2.3/4.0 degrees C increase in the GST index and a rate advance of 1.3/1.9, 1.1/1.8, 1.3/2.0, 1.2/1.9, and 1.2/1.9 days a decade was computed for FRS, LC, PG, RRV, and across all four AVAs while using the RCP4.5/RCP8.5 climate projections, respectively. The GST index and GSR model calculations were highly correlated across both climate projections and their fitted models were used to update the Pinot noir specific upper bound for the GST index throughout each AVA using a published optimal harvest window for the northern hemisphere. At a 220 g/L target sugar concentration, the updated upper bound was 17.6, 17.5, 17.6, 17.5, and 17.6 degrees C for FRS, LC, PG, RRV, and across all four AVAs. For a 240 g/L sugar concentration, it was 17.9, 17.8, 17.9, 17.8, and 17.9 degrees C. The results from this study together with comparable results recently reported for the Willamette Valley AVA of Oregon using a different downscaled CMIP5 model archive suggest spatial invariance, albeit sugar concentration dependent, for the updated Pinot noir specific upper bound for the GST climate index.