The Role of Electrons and Helium Atoms in Global Modeling of the Heliosphere (vol 946, 97, 2023)

We present a new three-dimensional, MHD-plasma/kinetic-neutrals model of the solar wind (SW) interaction with the local interstellar medium (LISM), which self-consistently includes neutral hydrogen and helium atoms. This new model also treats electrons as a separate fluid and includes the effect of Coulomb collisions. While the properties of electrons in the distant SW and in the LISM are mostly unknown due to the lack of in situ observations, a common assumption for any global, single-ion model is to assume that electrons have the temperature of the ion mixture, which includes pickup ions. In the new model, electrons in the SW are colder, which results in a better agreement with New Horizons observations in the supersonic SW. In the LISM, however, ions and electrons are almost in thermal equilibrium. As for the plasma mixture, the major differences between the models are in the inner heliosheath, where the new model predicts a charge-exchange-driven cooling and a decrease of the heliosheath thickness. The filtration of interstellar neutral atoms at the heliospheric interface is discussed. The new model predicts an increase in the H density by similar to 2% at 1 au. However, the fraction of pristine H atoms decreases by similar to 12%, while the density of atoms born in the outer and inner heliosheath increases by 5% and similar to 35%, respectively. While at 1 au the density of He atoms remains unchanged, the contribution from the "warm breeze" increases by similar to 3%.