Dietary polyphenols ameliorate inflammatory bowel diseases: advances and future perspectives to maximize their nutraceutical applications

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal inflammatory disease, and in the face of limitations such as drug resistance and side effects of traditional drugs, there is growing evidence that dietary polyphenols from plant sources can aid alleviate IBD. Several polyphenolics including flavonoids and tea polyphenols can protect epithelial barrier function, regulate intestinal flora, modulate signaling pathways such as nuclear factor kappa B as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase, and inhibit oxidative stress to exert anti-inflammatory effects. In this review, the potential of polyphenols in alleviating IBD is summarized in terms of in vitro , in vivo, clinical trials and the underlying action mechanisms. Meanwhile, some solutions and future trends are proposed to address the current problems of the low bioavailability and stability of polyphenols. The study's major goal is to compile the status of various therapeutic polyphenols and their prospective status as drugs for IBD disease management which have yet to be capitalized upon for commercial uses.