Mitigation of hot-spot effect via back side cooling techniques: A potential for electrical and thermal performance improvement

•Cooling mechanism on partial hot-spot mitigation investigated.•Results indicated that cooling techniques can mitigate partial hot-spot effect.•Hot-spot caused by 15% shade percentage on up to 4 cells can be economically mitigated.•Total potential for rise in electrical energy gain by back side cooling presented.•Direct correlation between thermal and electrical energy gain can be calculated from presented data.