A review of different techniques used to design photonic crystal-based logic gates

There is a strong need for mobile devices and computers that process and transmit data at higher rates. Therefore, photonic crystals have recently gained popularity and are used to develop all-optical processors and communication systems. This article presents a state-of-the-art review of the strategy of different photonic crystal logic gates. It has been examined that various design approaches are implemented that resulted in a variety of structures exhibiting logic functions. Numerous methods like self-collimated beams, multi-mode interference, interference-based defect methods, and logic gates based on nonlinear Kerr materials are discussed. The findings revealed the essential elements, including the benefits and drawbacks of each design approach, and a comparison is presented between the design structures and performances. For upcoming generations of high-speed optical computers, some concepts have been explored which could result in the design of more effective all-optical logic gates.