Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Key Roles of (p)ppGpp and DksA in Regulating Metabolism and Chemotaxis in Yersinia enterocolitica .

The stringent response is a rapid response system that is ubiquitous in bacteria, allowing them to sense changes in the external environment and undergo extensive physiological transformations. However, the regulators (p)ppGpp and DksA have extensive and complex regulatory patterns. Our previous studies demonstrated that (p)ppGpp and DksA in positively co-regulated motility, antibiotic resistance, and environmental tolerance but had opposite roles in biofilm formation. To reveal the cellular functions regulated by (p)ppGpp and DksA comprehensively, the gene expression profiles of wild-type, Δ, ΔΔ, and ΔΔΔ strains were compared using RNA-Seq. Results showed that (p)ppGpp and DksA repressed the expression of ribosomal synthesis genes and enhanced the expression of genes involved in intracellular energy and material metabolism, amino acid transport and synthesis, flagella formation, and the phosphate transfer system. Additionally, (p)ppGpp and DksA inhibited amino acid utilization (such as arginine and cystine) and chemotaxis in . Overall, the results of this study unraveled the link between (p)ppGpp and DksA in the metabolic networks, amino acid utilization, and chemotaxis in and enhanced the understanding of stringent responses in .