Superlinear urban scaling by functional organization: A metabolic interpretation of sectoral water consumption.

Prevailing view asserts that the disproportionately greater productivities of larger cities, or superlinear urban scaling, are the result of human interactions channeled by urban networks. But this view was established by considering the spatial organization of urban infrastructure and social networks-the urban "arteries" effects-but neglecting the functional organization of urban production and consumption entities-the urban "organs" effects. Here, adopting a metabolic view and using water consumption as a proxy for metabolism, we empirically quantify the scaling of entity number, size, and metabolic rate for the functionally specific urban residential, commercial, public or institutional, and industrial sectors. Sectoral urban metabolic scaling is highlighted by a disproportionate coordination between residential and enterprise metabolic rates, attributable to the functional mechanisms of mutualism, specialization, and entity size effect. The resultant whole-city metabolic scaling exhibits a constant superlinear exponent for water-abundant regions in numerical agreement with superlinear urban productivity, with varying exponent deviations for water-deficient regions explainable as adaptations to climate-driven resource constraints. These results present a functional organizational, non-social-network explanation of superlinear urban scaling.