Gypsophila oldhamiana leaves as a potential industrial resource of lipids, alkaloids, flavonoids and anti-osteoporosis components

The usage of Gypsophila oldhamiana roots for bone growth can be traced back to many years ago in China. However, G.oldhamiana leaves (GOL) is often discarded in modern times or picked as wild vegetable in famine age, researches on the chemical components of GOL are lacking, and the possible industrial application of GOL is still unclear. In this study, widely targeted metabolomics were used to reveal the secondary metabolites of GOL qualitatively and quantitatively. Network pharmacology and molecular docking were used to explore the potential anti-osteoporosis effect of GOL and possible mechanism. Results showed that lipids, alkaloids and flavonoids are the main ingredients in GOL. Network pharmacology results indicated that the anti-osteoporosis effect of GOL is involved in 148 signaling pathways, 78 ingredients and related 147 targets. Among them, AGE-RAGE, HIF-1, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway are the main signal pathways for treating osteoporosis. 9-Hydroxy-12-oxo-15(Z)-octadecenoic acid, 10-Heptadecenoic Acid, 9,10,13-Trihydroxy-11-Octadecenoic Acid, 9,12,13-Trihydroxy-10,15-octadecadienoic acid, 3-O-Acetylpinobanksin and L-Leucyl-L- phenylalanine are the main bioactive ingredients which regulated above pathways through binding with MAPK1, MAPK3, RXRA, AKT1, ESR1 and STAT3 targets, respectively. In conclusion, our results showed that GOL is a potential industrially functional resource for obtaining lipids, alkaloids and flavonoids.