Extracting topological features to identify at-risk students using machine learning and graph convolutional network models

Technological advances have significantly affected education, leading to the creation of online learning platforms such as virtual learning environments and massive open online courses. While these platforms offer a variety of features, none of them incorporates a module that accurately predicts students’ academic performance and commitment. Consequently, it is crucial to design machine learning (ML) methods that predict student performance and identify at-risk students as early as possible. Graph representations of student data provide new insights into this area. This paper describes a simple but highly accurate technique for converting tabulated data into graphs. We employ distance measures (Euclidean and cosine) to calculate the similarities between students’ data and construct a graph. We extract graph topological features ( GF ) to enhance our data. This allows us to capture structural correlations among the data and gain deeper insights than isolated data analysis. The initial dataset ( DS ) and GF can be used alone or jointly to improve the predictive power of the ML method. The proposed method is tested on an educational dataset and returns superior results. The use of DS alone is compared with the use of DS + GF in the classification of students into three classes: “failed”,“at risk”, and “good”. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) reaches 0.948 using DS , compared with 0.964 for DS + GF . The accuracy in the case of DS + GF varies from 84.5 to 87.3