Bladder cancer.

Bladder cancer is the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer in Europe, with major healthcare costs. For patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, recurrences, treatment and surveillance regimes with multiple invasive procedures are a significant burden. Muscle invasive or metastatic disease is treated with radical surgery, radiation therapy and/or systemic chemo- or immunotherapy, with a five-year overall survival of around 50% and long-term quality of life issues for survivors. We present a brief overview of bladder cancer in various stages and give examples of new developments.