Tropical influences on European summer climate variability

Numerous studies have established a link between tropical atmospheric conditions and northern midlatitude circulation mediated by Rossby wave propagation in winter. In recent years, research has also investigated tropical to midlatitude teleconnections in northern hemisphere summer. In this paper, we examine summer connections further by imposing observed tropical conditions in climate model simulations. We examine resulting changes in the representation of seasonal mean surface climate variables and mid-troposphere circulation in the northern hemisphere summer, identifying regions where model fidelity improves following the imposition of tropical conditions. We demonstrate robust connections between the tropics and mid-latitudes on the seasonal timescale, with these connections apparent in three mid-latitude regions, namely eastern North America, central Europe and northern Siberia. These regions are shown to be impacted by wave trains originating in specific regions of the subtropics associated with patterns of upper-level convergence. The results provide a clearer picture of tropical to extratropical teleconnections that affect summer mean climate in the northern midlatitudes.