Prevalence of macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin resistant lactic acid bacteria isolated from food samples

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) being a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes, tend to disseminate antibiotic resistance that possibly pose a threat to human and animal health. Therefore, the study focuses on the prevalence of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin- (MLS) resistance among LAB isolated from various food samples. Diverse phenotypic and genotypic MLS resistance were determined among the LAB species (n = 146) isolated from fermented food products (n = 6) and intestine of food-producing animals (n = 4). Double disc, triple disc diffusion and standard minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests were evaluated for phenotypic MLS resistance. Specific primers for MLS resistance genes were used for the evaluation of genotypic MLS resistance and gene expressions using total RNA of each isolate at different antibiotic concentrations. The isolates identified are Levilactobacillus brevis (n = 1) , Enterococcus hirae (n = 1) , Limosilactobacillus fermentum (n = 2) , Pediococcus acidilactici (n = 3) , Enterococcus faecalis (n = 1) . The MIC tests along with induction studies displayed cMLS b , L phenotype, M phenotype, KH phenotype, I phenotype resistance among MLS antibiotics. Genotypic evaluation tests revealed the presence of erm B, mef A/E, msr A/B and msr C genes. Also, gene expression studies displayed increased level of gene expression to the twofold increased antibiotic concentrations. In the view of global health concern, this study identified that food samples and food-producing animals represent source of antibiotic resistant LAB that can disseminate resistance through food chain. This suggests the implementation of awareness in the use of antibiotics as growth promoters and judicious use of antibiotics in veterinary sectors in order to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance.