Early pregnancy metabolic syndrome and risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes: findings from Rajarata Pregnancy Cohort (RaPCo) in Sri Lanka

Background Despite the intergenerational effects of metabolic disorders, evidence is greatly lacking on early pregnancy metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its effects on pregnancy outcomes from low- and middle-income countries. Thus, this prospective cohort of South Asian pregnant women aimed to evaluate how early pregnancy MetS would affect pregnancy outcomes. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted among first-trimester (T1) pregnant women of Anuradhapura district, Sri Lanka recruited to the Rajarata Pregnancy Cohort in 2019. MetS was diagnosed by the Joint Interim Statement criteria before 13 weeks of gestational age (GA). Participants were followed up until their delivery, and the major outcomes measured were large for gestational age (LGA), small for gestational age (SGA), preterm birth (PTB) and miscarriage (MC). Gestational weight gain, gestational age at delivery and neonatal birth weight were used as measurements to define the outcomes. Additionally, outcome measures were re-assessed with adjusting fasting plasma glucose (FPG) thresholds of MetS to be compatible with hyperglycemia in pregnancy (Revised MetS). Results 2326 T1 pregnant women with a mean age of 28.1 years (SD-5.4), and a median GA of 8.0 weeks (IQR-2) were included. Baseline MetS prevalence was 5.9% (n = 137, 95%CI-5.0–6.9). Only 2027 (87.1%) women from baseline, had a live singleton birth, while 221(9.5%) had MC and 14(0.6%) had other pregnancy losses. Additionally, 64(2.8%) were lost to follow-up. A higher cumulative incidence of LGA, PTB, and MC was noted among the T1-MetS women. T1-MetS carried significant risk (RR-2.59, 95%CI-1.65–3.93) for LGA, but reduced the risk for SGA (RR-0.41, 95%CI-0.29–0.78). Revised MetS moderately increased the risk for PTB (RR-1.54, 95%CI-1.04–2.21). T1-MetS was not associated (p = 0.48) with MC. Lowered FPG thresholds were significantly associated with risk for all major pregnancy outcomes. After adjusting for sociodemographic and anthropometric confounders, revised MetS remained the only significant risk predictor for LGA. Conclusion Pregnant women with T1 MetS in this population are at an increased risk for LGA and PTB and a reduced risk for SGA. We observed that a revised MetS definition with lower threshold for FPG compatible with GDM would provide a better estimation of MetS in pregnancy in relation to predicting LGA.