The Merchant and the Mathematician: Commerce and Accounting

In this article, we describe the invention of double-entry bookkeeping (or partita doppia as it was called in Italian) as a fertile intersection between mathematics and early commerce. We focus our attention on this seemingly simple technique that requires only minimal mathematical expertise, but whose discovery is clearly the result of a mathematical way of thinking, in order to make a conceptual point about the role of mathematics as the humus from which disciplines as different as operations research, computer science, and data science have evolved.