A shortened course of Amoxicillin/Clavulanate is the preferred antibiotic treatment after surgery for perforated appendicitis in children

Background/purpose: Despite evidence supporting short course outpatient antibiotic treatment following appendectomy for perforated appendicitis, evidence of real-world implementation and consensus for an-tibiotic choice is lacking. We therefore aimed to compare outpatient antibiotic treatment regimens in a national cohort. Methods: We identified children who underwent surgery for perforated appendicitis between 2010 and 2018 using the PearlDiver database and compared 45-day disease-specific readmission be-tween children who received shortened (5-8 days) versus prolonged (10-14 day) total antibiotic courses (inpatient intravenous and/or oral) completed with outpatient Amoxicillin/Clavulanate versus Ciprofloxacin/Metronidazole, and compared antibiotic type (5-14 days) to each other. Results: 4916 children were identified, 2001 (90.0%) treated with Amoxicillin/Clavulanate (5-14 days), 381 (19.0%) with shortened (5-8 days), 1464 (73.2%) with prolonged (10-14 days) courses. 222 (10.0%) were treated with Ciprofloxacin/Metronidazole, 44 (19.8%) with shortened, 174 (78.4%) with pro-longed courses. Freedom from readmission was not different between prolonged and shortened course whether they received Amoxicillin/Clavulanate (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] 1.54, 95%CI 0.95-2.5) or Ciprofloxacin/Metronidazole (AHR 3.49, 95%CI 0.45-27.3). Antibiotic type did not affect readmission rate (Amoxicillin/Clavulanate versus Ciprofloxacin/Metronidazole, AHR 1.21, 95%CI 0.71-2.05). Conclusion: Prolonged antibiotic regimens are routinely prescribed despite evidence suggesting shorter courses and antibiotic choice are not associated with greater treatment failure. As it is better tolerated, we recommend a shortened course of Amoxicillin/Clavulanate for oral management of perforated appen-dicitis. Study design: Retrospective. Level of evidence: Level III. (c) 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.