Survey on the occurrence of silage volatile organic compounds in the Po Valley-Italy

The volatile organic compounds (VOC) are the fermentation products and used to assess the quality of ensiled forages. The study aimed to monitor the VOC concentrations in silage and haylage by GC/FID system and to reveal the relationships among these different end-fermentation products by carrying out a multivariate analysis. Forty-six compounds were quantified by GC/FID system in a single chromatographic run. The average repeatability and reproducibility coefficients of variation obtained on standard solutions, composed by 0.1 mL/L of each VOC (solution A) or volatile fatty acids (VFA, solution B), were 0.028 and 0.017 (absolute value), respectively. The average repeatability and reproducibility coefficients of variation obtained on silage samples were 0.026 and 0.027, respectively. Mean values of recovery obtained on the standard solutions at different concentration levels of compounds were in the range 0.95-1.04 (absolute values), and no effect of analyte concentration was observed on recovery. When multivariate analysis was carried out on whole database, 7 factors were retained and they explained 0.50 of the total variability. The factors were interpreted for their biological meanings, based on specific VOC loading on each extracted latent structure. Alfalfa haylage and ryegrass silage were characterized by higher contents of valeric and butyric acids, methyl and ethyl butyrate, 2,3-butaneldiol, 1-butanol, and 2-butanol compared with the other fermented products. Except for mixture crop silage, all the fermented products containing legume crops had higher levels of 2-methyl-1-prop-anol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-phenyl ethanol, and methanol and lower con-tents of ethanol, ethyl lactate, and ethyl acetate compared with the other fermented products. Silage containing grass crops had higher levels of acetic and lactic acids, and 1,2-propanediol respect to the other investigated products. The most part of the investigated fermented prod-ucts were characterized by the presence of 2-methyl propionaldehyde and 2-methyl butyralde-hyde. The VOC profile determination of ensiled products provides useful information for an overall evaluation of the fermentative quality of silages and haylage.