Selected inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers pre-viral suppression in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection without overt cardiovascular disease: Is there a need to redefine reference indices?

The clinical utility of biomarkers is reduced by the lack of standardisation of the measurement of these parameters, absence of normal reference indices and the lack of uniformity of study protocols in different research centres. This review supports the ongoing use of D-dimers to predict thrombotic and bleeding events in PLWH since the weighted averages across study assays suggest that the median levels do not exceed the reference range. The role of inflammatory cytokine monitoring and measurement of endothelial adhesion markers is less clear.