A method for using the residual energy in waste Li-ion batteries by regulating potential with the aid of overvoltage response

The value of considerable residual energy in waste Li-ion batteries (WLIBs) is always neglected. At present, "this energy" is always wasted during the discharge process of WLIBs. However, if this energy could be reused, it would not only save a lot of energy but also avoid the discharge step of recycling of WLIBs. Unfortunately, the instability of WLIBs potential is a challenge to efficient utilization of this residual energy. Here, we propose a method that could regulate the cathode potential and current of the battery by simply adjusting the solution pH to utilize 35.08%, 88.4%, and 84.7% of the residual energy for removing heavy metal ions from wastewater, removing Cr (VI) from wastewater, and recovering copper from the solution, respec-tively. By taking advantage of the high internal resistance R of WLIBs and the sudden change of battery current I caused by iron passivation on the positive electrode of the battery, this method could induce the response of overvoltage eta (eta = IR) inside the battery at different pH levels to regulate the cathode potential p of the battery to the three intervals. The potential ranges of the battery cathode corresponding to pH < 3.4, pH approximate to 3.4, and pH > 4 were p > -0.47V, -0.47V < p < -0.82V, and p < -0.82V, respectively. This study provides a promising way and theoretical basis for the development of technologies for reusing residual energy in WLIBs.