Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for milk safety and contaminants monitoring

Everybody needs food anywhere, and milk is one of the essential parts of the diet for humans and animals. However, the increasing population has created milk safety concerns due to the excessive use of pesticides, drugs, and chemicals in agriculture. Therefore, the acute monitoring of toxicants from milk and quality will always be in demand. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) materials with tunable porosity and active functional sites are promising materials for toxicant monitoring. This review studies the insight into the electrochemical and luminescence MOF sensors for monitoring contaminants from milk samples. In addition, the MOF sensor's development, sensitivity, selectivity, and application in milk samples for detecting contaminants with sensing mechanisms and detection limits are discussed. Finally, the challenges, key findings, and future directions for MOF sensors for next-generation milk monitoring are addressed.