Genomic rearrangements and evolutionary changes in 3D chromatin topologies in the cotton tribe ( Gossypieae )

Background Analysis of the relationship between chromosomal structural variation (synteny breaks) and 3D-chromatin architectural changes among closely related species has the potential to reveal causes and correlates between chromosomal change and chromatin remodeling. Of note, contrary to extensive studies in animal species, the pace and pattern of chromatin architectural changes following the speciation of plants remain unexplored; moreover, there is little exploration of the occurrence of synteny breaks in the context of multiple genome topological hierarchies within the same model species. Results Here we used Hi-C and epigenomic analyses to characterize and compare the profiles of hierarchical chromatin architectural features in representative species of the cotton tribe ( Gossypieae ), including Gossypium arboreum , Gossypium raimondii , and Gossypioides kirkii , which differ with respect to chromosome rearrangements. We found that ( i ) overall chromatin architectural territories were preserved in Gossypioides and Gossypium , which was reflected in their similar intra-chromosomal contact patterns and spatial chromosomal distributions; ( ii ) the non-random preferential occurrence of synteny breaks in A compartment significantly associate with the B-to-A compartment switch in syntenic blocks flanking synteny breaks; ( iii ) synteny changes co-localize with open-chromatin boundaries of topologically associating domains, while TAD stabilization has a greater influence on regulating orthologous expression divergence than do rearrangements; and ( iv ) rearranged chromosome segments largely maintain ancestral in-cis interactions. Conclusions Our findings provide insights into the non-random occurrence of epigenomic remodeling relative to the genomic landscape and its evolutionary and functional connections to alterations of hierarchical chromatin architecture, on a known evolutionary timescale.