Division of labor promotes the entrenchment of multicellularity

Simple multicellularity evolves readily in diverse unicellular species, but nascent multicellular groups are prone to reversion to unicellularity. Successful transitions to multicellularity therefore require subsequent mutations that promote the entrenchment of the higher-level unit, stabilizing it through time. Here we explore the causes of entrenchment using digital evolution. When faced with a trade-off between cellular metabolic productivity and information fidelity, digital “multicells” often evolve reproductive division of labor. Because digital “unicells” cannot circumvent this trade-off, unicellular revertants tend to exhibit low fitness relative to their differentiated multicellular ancestors. Thus, division of labor can drive the entrenchment of multicellularity. More generally, division of labor may play a crucial role in major transitions, enriching the complexity and functionality of higher-level units while enhancing their evolutionary stability. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.