Development of a machine learning algorithm to identify surgical candidates for hip and knee arthroplasty without in-person evaluation

Introduction Arthroplasty care delivery is facing a growing supply–demand mismatch. To meet future demand for joint arthroplasty, systems will need to identify potential surgical candidates prior to evaluation by orthopaedic surgeons. Materials and methods Retrospective review was conducted at two academic medical centers and three community hospitals from March 1 to July 31, 2020 to identify new patient telemedicine encounters (without prior in-person evaluation) for consideration of hip or knee arthroplasty. The primary outcome was surgical indication for joint replacement. Five machine learning algorithms were developed to predict likelihood of surgical indication and assessed by discrimination, calibration, overall performance, and decision curve analysis. Results Overall, 158 patients underwent new patient telemedicine evaluation for consideration of THA, TKA, or UKA and 65.2% ( n = 103) were indicated for operative intervention prior to in-person evaluation. The median age was 65 (interquartile range 59–70) and 60.8% were women. Variables found to be associated with operative intervention were radiographic degree of arthritis, prior trial of intra-articular injection, trial of physical therapy, opioid use, and tobacco use. In the independent testing set ( n = 46) not used for algorithm development, the stochastic gradient boosting algorithm achieved the best performance with AUC 0.83, calibration intercept 0.13, calibration slope 1.03, Brier score 0.15 relative to a null model Brier score of 0.23, and higher net benefit than the default alternatives on decision curve analysis. Conclusion We developed a machine learning algorithm to identify potential surgical candidates for joint arthroplasty in the setting of osteoarthritis without an in-person evaluation or physical examination. If externally validated, this algorithm could be deployed by various stakeholders, including patients, providers, and health systems, to direct appropriate next steps in patients with osteoarthritis and improve efficiency in identifying surgical candidates. Level of evidence III.