MV-mediated biomineralization mechanisms and treatments of biomineralized diseases

As the quality of life improves, people pay more and more attention to health. They are concerned about the causes of diseases, and seek better treatments. The most common diseases are biomineralized diseases, four different kinds of typical examples among which are selected to elaborate their mechanisms and existing treatments. Whether it is tooth and bone in physiological mineralization or cartilage and blood vessel in pathological mineralization, they are all related to matrix vesicle (MV)-mediated biomineralization. MV-mediated biomineralization is the initial stage of biomineralization and the nucleation site mediating collagen mineralization. Definition, composition, biogenesis, and action mechanism of MVs are refined and expounded, especially a novel biomineralization pathway similar to exosome (EX) origin. Four differences are summarized to distinguish MVs and EXs. A series of treatments using MVs to solve biomineralized diseases such as tooth and bone defects, osteoarthritis and atherosclerosis are proposed, and the experimental extraction steps of MVs are summarized.