Features and evolution of control regions in leafroller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) inferred from mitochondrial genomes and phylogeny.

The control region (CR) of the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) represents a major noncoding fragment with several special structural features that are thought to be responsible for the initiation of mitogenome transcription and replication. However, few studies have revealed the evolutionary patterns of CR in the phylogenetic context. Here, we explain the characteristics and evolution of CR in Tortricidae, inferred from a mitogenome-based phylogeny. The first complete mitogenomes of the genera Meiligma and Matsumuraeses were sequenced. Both mitogenomes are double-stranded circular DNA molecules with lengths of 15,675 bp and 15,330 bp, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses derived from 13 protein-coding genes and two ribosomal RNAs showed that most tribes, including subfamilies Olethreutinae and Tortricinae, were recovered as monophyletic clades, similar to previous studies based on morphological or nuclear data. Moreover, comprehensive comparative analyses of the structural organization and role of tandem replications on the length variation and high AT content of CR sequences were conducted. The results reveal a significant positive correlation between the total length and AT content of tandem repeats and whole CR sequences in Tortricidae. The structural organization in CR sequences is diverse, even between closely related tribes, which demonstrates the plasticity of the mitochondrial DNA molecule in Tortricidae.