Zero-heat-flux thermometry over the carotid artery in assessment of core temperature in craniotomy patients

Zero-heat-flux core temperature measurements on the forehead ( ZHF-forehead ) show acceptable agreement with invasive core temperature measurements but are not always possible in general anesthesia. However, ZHF measurements over the carotid artery ( ZHF-neck ) have been shown reliable in cardiac surgery. We investigated these in non-cardiac surgery. In 99 craniotomy patients, we assessed agreement of ZHF-forehead and ZHF-neck (3M™ Bair Hugger™) with esophageal temperatures. We applied Bland-Altman analysis and calculated mean absolute differences (difference index) and proportion of differences within ± 0.5 °C (percentage index) during entire anesthesia and before and after esophageal temperature nadir. In Bland-Altman analysis [mean (limits of agreement)], agreement with esophageal temperature during entire anesthesia was 0.1 (−0.7 to +0.8) °C ( ZHF-neck ) and 0.0 (−0.8 to +0.8) °C ( ZHF-forehead ), and, after core temperature nadir, 0.1 (−0.5 to +0.7) °C and 0.1 (−0.6 to +0.8) °C, respectively. In difference index [median (interquartile range)], ZHF-neck and ZHF-forehead performed equally during entire anesthesia [ ZHF-neck : 0.2 (0.1–0.3) °C vs ZHF-forehead : 0.2 (0.2–0.4) °C], and after core temperature nadir [0.2 (0.1–0.3) °C vs 0.2 (0.1–0.3) °C, respectively; all p > 0.017 after Bonferroni correction]. In percentage index [median (interquartile range)], both ZHF-neck [100 (92–100) %] and ZHF-forehead [100 (92–100) %] scored almost 100% after esophageal nadir. ZHF-neck measures core temperature as reliably as ZHF-forehead in non-cardiac surgery. ZHF-neck is an alternative to ZHF-forehead if the latter cannot be applied.