Development, initial validation, and application of a visual read method for [F-18]MK-6240 tau PET

BackgroundThe positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer [F-18]MK-6240 exhibits high specificity for neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of tau protein in Alzheimer's disease (AD), high sensitivity to medial temporal and neocortical NFTs, and low within-brain background. Objectives were to develop and validate a reproducible, clinically relevant visual read method supporting [F-18]MK-6240 use to identify and stage AD subjects versus non-AD and controls. MethodsFive expert readers used their own methods to assess 30 scans of mixed diagnosis (47% cognitively normal, 23% mild cognitive impairment, 20% AD, 10% traumatic brain injury) and provided input regarding regional and global positivity, features influencing assessment, confidence, practicality, and clinical relevance. Inter-reader agreement and concordance with quantitative values were evaluated to confirm that regions could be read reliably. Guided by input regarding clinical applicability and practicality, read classifications were defined. The readers read the scans using the new classifications, establishing by majority agreement a gold standard read for those scans. Two naive readers were trained and read the 30-scan set, providing initial validation. Inter-rater agreement was further tested by two trained independent readers in 131 scans. One of these readers used the same method to read a full, diverse database of 1842 scans; relationships between read classification, clinical diagnosis, and amyloid status as available were assessed. ResultsFour visual read classifications were determined: no uptake, medial temporal lobe (MTL) only, MTL and neocortical uptake, and uptake outside MTL. Inter-rater kappas were 1.0 for the naive readers gold standard scans read and 0.98 for the independent readers 131-scan read. All scans in the full database could be classified; classification frequencies were concordant with NFT histopathology literature. DiscussionThis four-class [F-18]MK-6240 visual read method captures the presence of medial temporal signal, neocortical expansion associated with disease progression, and atypical distributions that may reflect different phenotypes. The method demonstrates excellent trainability, reproducibility, and clinical relevance supporting clinical use. HighlightsA visual read method has been developed for [F-18]MK-6240 tau positron emission tomography.The method is readily trainable and reproducible, with inter-rater kappas of 0.98.The read method has been applied to a diverse set of 1842 [F-18]MK-6240 scans.All scans from a spectrum of disease states and acquisitions could be classified.Read classifications are consistent with histopathological neurofibrillary tangle staging literature.