Pain assessment 3 x 3: a clinical reasoning framework for healthcare professionals

Objectives: To give an overview of central aspects of pain medicine-specific clinical reasoning when assessing a pain patient. Clinical reasoning is the thinking and decision-making processes associated with clinical practice.Methods: Three core pain assessment areas that are crucial for clinical reasoning in the field of pain medicine are discussed, each of them consisting of three points.Results: First, it is important to distinguish acute, chronic non-cancer, and cancer-related pain conditions. This classical and very simple trichotomy still has important implications treatment-wise, e.g., concerning the use of opioids. Second, the pain mechanism needs to be assessed. Is the pain nociceptive, neuropathic, or nociplastic? Simply put, nociceptive pain has to do with injury of non-neural tissue, neuropathic pain is caused by a disease or lesion of the somatosensory nervous system, and nociplastic pain is believed to be related to a sensitized nervous system (c.f. the concept of "central sensitization "). This also has implications concerning treatment. Some chronic pain conditions are nowadays viewed more as diseases rather than the pain being merely a symptom. In the new ICD-11 pain classification, this is conceptualized by the characterization of some chronic pains as "primary ". Third, in addition to a conventional biomedical evaluation, psychosocial and behavioral aspects must also be assessed, the pain patient being viewed as an active agent and not merely as the passive recipient of an intervention. Hence, the importance of a dynamic bio-psycho-social perspective. The dynamic interplay of biological, psychological, and social aspects must be taken into account, putative behavioral "vicious circles " thereby being identified. Some core psycho-social concepts in pain medicine are mentioned.Conclusions: The clinical applicability and clinical reasoning power of the 3 x 3 framework is illustrated by three short (albeit fictional) case descriptions.