3D color doppler ultrasound for postoperative monitoring of vascularized lymph node flaps.

We conclude that 3D color Doppler ultrasound is an effective method for monitoring buried lymph node flaps. 3D reconstruction makes it easier to visualize the flap anatomy and detect pathology if it is present. Moreover, the learning curve for the technique is short. Our setup is user-friendly even in the inexperienced hands of a surgical resident, and images can be reevaluated at any time if necessary. The use of 3D reconstruction removes the complications associated with observer-dependent monitoring of VLNT.