Upconversion nanoscopy revealing surface heterogeneity of tumor-secreted extracellular vesicles

Super-resolution microscopic imaging employing upconversion nanoparticles is applied to reveal the surface heterogeneity of tumor cell-derived small extracellular vesicles, i.e., exosome. The number of surface antigens of every extracellular vesicles can be quantified by both the high imaging resolution and stable brightness of upconversion nanoparticles. This method proves its great potential in nanoscale biological studies.