The NCC mathematical modeling framework for decision-making of six major cancers

Objective: Mathematical modeling and simulation is a useful research method to inform decision-making. This article aims to describe the National Cancer Center (NCC) modeling framework and how well it reproduces observed empirical data for six major cancers. Methods: We developed the NCC modeling framework for six major cancers in China (lung, liver, stomach, colorectal, esophageal, and breast), which simulates the life-histories represented by states among normal, precancerous lesion, stage-specific invasive cancer, and death for six cancers separately. Each NCC simulation model could be illustrated as an integrated framework of 3 modules: a demography module, natural history module, and screening module. Combined with costs and health utilities data, the models could have many detailed outputs for informing decisions, including the harm of screening (e.g., false positives, complications, and overdiagnosis), healthcare costs, and benefits (quality-adjusted life years gained, cancer incidence and mortality, and investment returns). We calibrated the models to Chinese population-based observations on cancer incidence, mortality, and stage distribution. All models are validated by comparing model simulated results to data observed from nationwide cancer registration and a large prospective cohort study. Results: The simulated results from the calibrated models consistently match the epidemiological patterns in six major cancer incidence, mortality, and stage distributions in China. Model projected age-specific cancer incidence and mortality were close to the observed data in the national cancer registration. The NCC modeling framework reproduced the cumulative cancer cases and deaths observed in the prospective cohort study at 7.0 and 10.8 years of follow-up. Model estimated net survival rates also consistent with population-based statistics. Conclusion: The NCC modeling framework's ability to reproduce the observed population-level cancer statistics and the cancer cases in a prospective cohort study suggests its results are reliable to inform decision-making related to six major cancers in China.