An international survey exploring the adoption and utility of diagnostic lung ultrasound by physiotherapists and respiratory therapists in intensive care

Introduction: Lung ultrasound (LUS) is an emerging assessment tool for intensive care unit (ICU) therapists (physiotherapists, physical therapists and respiratory therapists) to aid pathology identification, intervention selection, clinical reasoning and as an outcome measure to assess intervention efficacy. However, the extent of LUS adoption and use by ICU therapists internationally has not been described in the literature. Objectives: This survey explored the interest in LUS amongst ICU therapists internationally. In addition, LUS training, use in clinical practice and barriers to implementation were also explored. The survey findings were used to facilitate recommendations for future adoption. Methods: International ICU therapists were invited to answer a 37 question cross-sectional open e-survey, distributed using the online survey tool REDCap((R)). The exact sample size of eligible ICU therapists from around the world is unknown, therefore the participant responses received were a representative convenience sample of the international ICU therapist population. Survey links were posted on the relevant web pages and social media forums utilised by various ICU therapist associations and professional organisations worldwide. A snowballing technique was used to encourage survey participants to forward the survey link within their professional networks. The survey was open on REDCap((R)) for an 8-week period between March and May 2021. Results: Three hundred twenty ICU therapists from 30 countries responded with most respondents coming from either the United Kingdom (n = 94) or Australia (n = 87). Eighty-nine of the ICU therapist respondents (30%) reported being users of LUS, however, 40 of those 89 respondents reported having no formal accreditation. The top clinical indications to perform a LUS scan were changes on chest radiograph, altered findings on auscultation and a low partial pressure of arterial oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio. The 71% of LUS users reported that their ICU does not have a local policy in place to guide ICU therapists' use of LUS. Most LUS users (82%) only document their LUS findings in the patient's medical notes and (73%) only store the LUS clips on the ICU's ultrasound machine. The 85% of respondents perceive LUS becoming an increasing part of their objective assessment in the future and 96% report that they have other ICU therapist colleagues interested in adopting LUS. Main reasons why respondents believe that ICU therapists are not adopting LUS in their ICU are a difficulty in access to appropriate training, mentorship, and a lack of local governance policy guiding their use of LUS. Conclusions: To the authors' knowledge this is the first study to explore the international adoption and utility of LUS by ICU therapists. LUS is a growing technique with widespread interest from ICU therapists internationally with a desire to adopt LUS into their assessments and upskill their practice. ICU therapists' use of LUS could allow more targetted and appropriate treatment for patients on ICU. Barriers to LUS adoption could be mitigated by having access to quality training programmes and mentorship. Development of profession specific guidance and policies within local infrastructure should facilitate growth and ensure robust quality assurance and governance processes.