Pro-social concerns characterise landlords' energy efficiency retrofit behaviour: evidence and implications for energy efficiency policy in Victoria, Australia

Internationally, rental properties have fewer energy efficiency features than other homes, causing unnecessary carbon emissions and poor health outcomes for tenants. Landlords are the primary decision-makers for energy efficiency retrofitting of rental properties, yet their retrofit behaviour is not well understood. We surveyed 500 small-scale private landlords in Victoria, Australia, to examine how a range of variables impacted landlords' energy-efficient retrofitting. Landlords who installed more retrofits were more likely to have greater concern for tenants' comfort, a relationship with the tenant, or greater knowledge of property conditions. Despite the existing literature and in contrast to the research on owner-occupiers, financial variables, environmental concerns, and sociodemographic variables were not associated with landlords' retrofitting. We propose that policies may be more effective if they are framed in pro-social (rather than pro-environmental or financial terms) and convey information about the impact of property conditions on tenants' wellbeing.