Melt flow and ripple formation induced by continuous wave laser irradiating of copper foil at 10 Pa

•The model used temperature dependent surface tension and condensation coefficient.•The fluid flow is mainly driven by Marangoni force during laser irradiation.•Marangoni force and capillary force make the fluid move back and forth during cooling.•Ring ripples are formed by the reciprocating motion of melt during cooling process.•Ripples’ distributions are different on different thickness foils.