Defensive Specialized Metabolites from the Latex of Euphorbia jolkinii

Plant latex is sequestered in laticiferous structures and exuded immediately from damaged plant tissues. The primary function of plant latex is related to defense responses to their natural enemies. Euphorbia jolkinii Boiss. is a perennial herbaceous plant that greatly threaten the biodiversity and ecological integrity of northwest Yunnan, China. Nine triterpenes ( 1–9 ), four non-protein amino acids ( 10–13 ) and three glycosides ( 14–16 ) including a new isopentenyl disaccharide ( 14 ), were isolated and identified from the latex of E. jolkinii . Their structures were established on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic data analyses. Bioassay revealed that meta -tyrosine ( 10 ) showed significant phytotoxic activity, inhibiting root and shoot growth of Zea mays , Medicago sativa , Brassica campestris, and Arabidopsis thaliana , with EC 50 values ranging from 4.41 ± 1.08 to 37.60 ± 3.59 µg/mL. Interestingly, meta -tyrosine inhibited the root growth of Oryza sativa , but promoted their shoot growth at the concentrations below 20 µg/mL. meta -Tyrosine was found to be the predominant constituent in polar part of the latex extract from both stems and roots of E. jolkinii , but undetectable in the rhizosphere soil. In addition, some triterpenes showed antibacterial and nematicidal effects. The results suggested that meta -tyrosine and triterpenes in the latex might function as defensive substances for E. jolkinii against other organisms. Graphical Abstract