Giardia duodenalis Styles, 1902 Prevalence in Cattle ( Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758) in Europe: A Systematic Review.

Styles, 1902 is an infectious agent which can cause enteritic disease in cattle ( Linnaeus, 1758) worldwide. As a zoonotic protozoan, it is important to acknowledge prevalence and assemblages found in cattle and risk factors associated with the infection in herds. This systematic review aims to estimate the prevalence of and its assemblages in cattle and to identify the risk factors associated with infection in cattle in Europe. A systematic review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to collect information from published studies in Europe. A total of 1414 studies were identified and 17 relevant studies were included in this review. Mean prevalence in cattle in Europe was 35.1%, with the highest prevalence found in neonatal animals (39.6%), but mean heard prevalence was 67.0%. Mixed infections of assemblages A and E were found most frequently (55.6%), while assemblages A and B were found more frequently in animals under 24 months old. Risk factors, such as deep litter with run-out, prolonged calf contact with the dam, and seasonality, such as winter and spring, were found to be potential risk factors for presence in the herds.