The Effects of Nicotine- and Cigarette-Related Products on Osteogenesis, Bone Formation, and Bone Mineralization: A Systematic Review.

The results of this study demonstrate that nicotine has a variety of complex interactions on osteoblast and osteoclastic activities. Nicotine demonstrates dose-dependent effects on osteoblast proliferation, boney growth, and gene expression. Further study is warranted to extrapolate the effects of solitary nicotine on clinical outcomes.