Implementing changes to reduce infections in ICU patients. Water services and waste systems.

The authors found a number of problems with water and wastewater systems in ICU to which there has not been a cohesive response in terms of guidance to support users and designers. The resultant void permits new projects to proceed with suboptimal and designs which place patients and staff at risk. As an interim measure a series of solutions suitable for existing units and new builds need to be considered.