Co-exposure to nanoplastics and acetaminophen causes skeletal dysplasia and behavioral abnormalities in zebrafish

Nanoplastics (NPs) and acetaminophen (APAP) are thought to be common contaminants and are invariably detected in the environment. Despite the increasing awareness of their toxicity to humans and animals, the embryonic toxicity, skeletal development toxicity, and mechanism of action of their combined exposure have not been clarified. This study was performed to investigate whether combined exposure to NPs and APAP induces abnormal embryonic and skeletal development in zebrafish and to explore the potential toxicological mecha-nisms. All zebrafish juveniles in the high-concentration compound exposure group showed some abnormal phenomena such as pericardial edema, spinal curvature, cartilage developmental abnormality and melanin in-hibition together with a significant downward trend in body length. Behavioral data also implicated that the exposure of APAP alone, as well as the co-exposure of NPs and APAP, caused a depression in the total distance, swimming speed and the maximum acceleration. Furthermore, real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that compared with exposure alone, the expression level of genes related to osteogenesis, runx2a, runx2b, Sp7, bmp2b and shh was significantly reduced with compound exposure. These results suggest that the compound exposure of NPs and APAP has adverse impacts on zebrafish embryonic development and skeletal growth.